Arrowhead

Flower: Arrowhead produces striking white flowers with three broad petals and a yellow or purplish centre. These appear in whorled clusters on tall, upright stems from July to September. The flowers are unisexual, with male flowers usually above the female ones on the same plant. They grow above the water s... Fruit: After pollination, the female flowers develop into small, rounded clusters of dry fruits known as achenes. These achenes are buoyant and can float, aiding dispersal via water currents. Each fruit contains a single seed, and the entire cluster may remain attached to the plant above the water or event... Leaves: The plant's name comes from its distinctive arrowhead-shaped leaves, which are sharply pointed and emerge above the water on long stalks. Submerged leaves, however, are strap-like or linear and quite different in form. This dual-leaf structure helps the plant thrive in aquatic environments. The emer...

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Broad-leaved Arrowhead

Flower: Broad-leaved Arrowhead produces striking three-petalled white flowers arranged in whorls along an upright flowering stalk. Blooming from July to September, the flowers have a delicate symmetry, with bright yellow stamens at the centre of the male flowers and green pistils in the female flowers. Thes... Fruit: After pollination, Sagittaria latifolia forms clusters of small, dry, wedge-shaped fruits known as achenes. These are buoyant and float on the surface of the water, aiding dispersal. The plant also spreads via its rhizomes and produces starchy tubers beneath the mud, which are important for vegetati... Leaves: The leaves are broad, arrow-shaped (sagittate), and rise well above the water surface. They have long, sturdy stalks and are dark green with prominent veins. The shape and size of the leaves can vary depending on growing conditions, but the bold arrowhead outline makes the plant easy to identify. Su...

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Narrow-leaved Arrowhead

Flower: The flowers of Sagittaria subulata are small, white, and three-petaled, typically blooming in summer (June to September). They arise above the water surface on slender stalks, with separate male and female flowers often found on the same inflorescence—males higher up, females below. Each flower meas... Fruit: Fruits are small, dry achenes grouped into globular clusters after flowering. Each achene has a distinctive wing or beak that aids in water dispersal. The seeds have no known culinary or foraging use for humans but may be eaten by waterfowl and contribute to the aquatic food web. Leaves: Leaves are extremely narrow, linear, and grass-like, typically submerged or sometimes floating. Unlike the typical arrow-shaped leaves of some other Sagittaria species, this one has no pronounced blade—hence the species name subulata, meaning awl-shaped. The leaves can reach 10–30 cm long but are us...

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Canadian Arrowhead

Flower: Canadian Arrowhead (Sagittaria rigida) produces small, three-petalled white flowers with a distinctive yellow centre, typically blooming from June to September. The flowers are arranged in whorls along tall, erect stems that rise above the water’s surface. Male and female flowers are usually found o... Fruit: After successful pollination, the female flowers develop into compact clusters of small, dry fruits known as achenes. These are flattened and ribbed, sometimes with a slight wing, and are released in late summer or early autumn. The seeds may float and are dispersed by water, allowing the plant to c... Leaves: Unlike many other arrowhead species, Sagittaria rigida typically has narrow, strap-like or lance-shaped submerged or emergent leaves rather than the classic arrow-shaped foliage. This linear leaf shape helps distinguish it from related species like Sagittaria latifolia. The leaves are bright green, ...

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Bog Arum

Flower: Bog Arum produces a striking, arum-like inflorescence consisting of a creamy-white spathe that wraps around a short, yellow-green spadix. The spathe is around 4–6 cm long, and the flowering period typically occurs in late spring to early summer (May to July). The spadix is covered with tiny, bisexua... Fruit: The plant develops a cluster of bright red berries in late summer. These are fleshy, rounded, and contain several seeds. While visually attractive, the berries are toxic if ingested, containing irritating compounds that can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Leaves: Bog Arum has glossy, dark green, heart- or kidney-shaped leaves with long stalks, often growing up to 15 cm long. They emerge from a creeping rhizome and often form a loose rosette. The leaves are thick and waxy, helping them survive in their typical waterlogged habitats.

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Awlwort

Flower: Awlwort bears tiny, white, four-petalled flowers that are typical of the cabbage family (Brassicaceae). Each flower is about 2–4 mm across, often inconspicuous and held just above the water or even submerged. Flowering typically occurs from June to August, and the delicate flowers may go unnoticed u... Fruit: The fruits are small cylindrical capsules, around 5–10 mm long, that develop from the flowers and contain numerous minute seeds. As is typical in the Brassicaceae family, these seedpods (siliques) dry and split open to release seeds that are easily dispersed by water movement. Leaves: Leaves are slender, awl-shaped (narrow and tapering to a fine point), which gives the plant its name. They are bright green, soft, and typically grow in rosettes at the base, submerged or floating just under the water surface. Each leaf is 2–6 cm long and lacks a distinct stalk (sessile). The plant ...

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Marsh Bedstraw

Flower: Marsh Bedstraw produces small, star-like white flowers from June to September. Each flower has four narrow petals arranged in a cross shape, giving a delicate, open appearance. The flowers grow in loose, branched clusters at the tips of stems and leaf axils. Though individually tiny—only 2–3 mm acro... Fruit: The fruit consists of a pair of tiny round nutlets, each with a rough surface and covered in hooked bristles that help them cling to passing animals or float in water. These ripen in late summer and autumn. This method of dispersal aids the plant’s spread through marshes, ditches, and boggy areas. Leaves: Leaves are narrow, lance-shaped, and arranged in whorls of four to six around the stem. They are smooth-edged, with a slightly glossy green surface, and lack the backward-pointing hooks seen in some other Galium species. The stems are weak and square in cross-section, often sprawling or scrambling o...

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Great Marsh Bedstraw

Flower: Great Marsh Bedstraw bears small, delicate white flowers arranged in loose, branched clusters known as cymes. Each flower typically has four narrow, pointed petals, giving a star-like appearance. Blooming from June to August, the flowers are modest but numerous, contributing to the plant’s overall f... Fruit: The fruits are tiny, paired nutlets that mature in late summer. They are generally hairless or minutely roughened and inconspicuous, blending in with the plant’s thin stems. These nutlets do not have hooks or barbs, so they are primarily dispersed by gravity and water movement in the damp habitats w... Leaves: Leaves are narrow, lance-shaped, and arranged in whorls of 4 to 6 along the slender, sprawling stems. The leaves are typically smooth-edged and often slightly recurved. G. palustre subsp. elongatum is characterised by longer, more spreading stems than the typical species, often reaching well over a ...

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Slender Marsh Bedstraw

Flower: Galium constrictum, or Slender Marsh Bedstraw, produces small, star-like white flowers that typically bloom from June to August. Each flower has four narrow petals and is borne in loose clusters at the tips of the stems or in the leaf axils. Though tiny—usually only a few millimetres across—the flow... Fruit: The fruit consists of paired, rounded nutlets, often slightly rough or hairy to the touch. These nutlets are very small and inconspicuous, maturing in late summer. As with many Galium species, seed dispersal is aided by their hooked or bristly surfaces, which can occasionally cling to animal fur or ... Leaves: The leaves of Slender Marsh Bedstraw are narrow and linear, arranged in whorls of 4 to 6 around the stem. Each leaf is short and pointed, with a smooth or slightly rough margin. The stems are weak and sprawling, often forming low, tangled mats in damp or wet habitats. Despite its name, it is not con...

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New Forest Bladderwort

Flower: New Forest Bladderwort produces small, bright yellow flowers, typically from June through August. The flowers resemble those of other bladderworts, with a two-lipped structure: an upright, helmet-shaped upper lip and a broad, lobed lower lip with a short spur. The floral stems are slender and rise a... Fruit: Fruit production in Utricularia bremii is uncommon. When it occurs, it forms small capsules containing numerous tiny seeds. More commonly, the plant propagates through vegetative means by forming turions—overwintering buds that sink to the bottom in autumn and rise again in spring to regenerate new ... Leaves: The leaves are finely divided into thread-like segments, arranged in whorls along the free-floating, rootless stems. Tiny bladder traps, which capture microscopic aquatic prey, are scattered among the leaf segments. The leaves give the plant a soft, feathery appearance underwater. This species can b...

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Lesser Bladderwort

Flower: Lesser Bladderwort produces small, bright yellow flowers from June to August. Each flower has two lips: a hooded upper lip and a broader, often shallowly three-lobed lower lip with a backward-pointing spur. The flowers are smaller than those of Greater, Wavy, or Pale Bladderwort, and are borne singl... Fruit: Fruiting is uncommon in the UK, but when it occurs, it takes the form of a small, rounded capsule filled with tiny seeds. Like other bladderworts, Utricularia minor mainly reproduces vegetatively, forming winter buds (turions) in autumn. These turions sink and overwinter at the bottom of water bodie... Leaves: The leaves of Lesser Bladderwort are thread-like and divided into narrow segments arranged in whorls along the slender, rootless stems. Interspersed among the leaf segments are minute bladder traps used to capture tiny aquatic organisms. Compared to similar species, its leaf segments are narrower an...

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Intermediate Bladderwort

Flower: Utricularia intermedia produces small yellow flowers, typically around 10–12 mm across, held singly or in pairs on slender upright stalks (scapes) that rise above the water or damp substrate. Each flower has a two-lipped corolla with a prominent lower lip and short spur, resembling those of U. vulga... Fruit: The fruit is a tiny capsule that contains numerous minute seeds, though Utricularia intermedia reproduces more often vegetatively than by seed. In colder or nutrient-poor habitats, it forms turions (winter buds), which sink and survive at the bottom of the waterbody before resprouting in spring. Fru... Leaves: The plant lacks traditional foliage. Instead, it produces two types of finely divided shoots: green sterile shoots for photosynthesis and pale, root-like shoots that bear numerous small bladder traps (utricles) used to capture minute aquatic invertebrates. This division of function—unique among Brit...

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Nordic Bladderwort

Flower: Utricularia stygia produces small, violet to deep purple flowers on slender, erect stalks (scapes) that rise above the water surface. Each flower is around 6–10 mm across and consists of a two-lipped corolla, with the lower lip often having yellow markings. The flowering period in the UK is typicall... Fruit: The fruit is a tiny capsule containing many minute seeds, but in practice, Utricularia stygia reproduces far more commonly via vegetative means. Like other bladderworts, it overwinters by producing turions—compact, bud-like structures that sink to the bottom and re-sprout in spring. Seed production ... Leaves: This species lacks traditional leaves. Instead, it has finely divided, rootless submerged shoots bearing minute bladder traps (utricles). These bladders are less than 2 mm wide and are used to trap and digest tiny aquatic organisms, such as protozoa and small crustaceans. The traps operate with a va...

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Pale Bladderwort

Flower: Pale Bladderwort produces delicate, pale yellow to cream-coloured flowers, typically from June to August. The two-lipped blooms are slightly smaller than those of other bladderwort species, and the lower lip often has orange markings. Flowers are borne singly or in small numbers on slender stalks th... Fruit: Fruiting in Pale Bladderwort is rare in the UK. When it does occur, a small capsule forms, containing many fine seeds. However, the plant more commonly reproduces vegetatively, through fragmentation and the formation of overwintering turions—compact buds that sink to the bottom in autumn and re-floa... Leaves: The leaves of Utricularia ochroleuca are finely divided and hair-like, arranged in whorls along free-floating stems. Among the leaf segments are tiny, translucent bladders—specialised traps that use a vacuum mechanism to suck in minute aquatic prey. Compared with other bladderworts, its leaf segment...

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Wavy Bladderwort

Flower: Wavy Bladderwort produces vibrant yellow flowers, very similar in appearance to those of Greater Bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris), but usually slightly smaller. The two-lipped flowers are borne on erect stalks that rise above the water surface between June and August. The upper lip is upright and ... Fruit: As with other bladderworts, fruit production is uncommon in the UK. When it does occur, it forms as a small, spherical capsule containing minute seeds. More commonly, the plant reproduces vegetatively via stem fragments and the formation of winter buds (turions), which sink in autumn and rise again ... Leaves: The leaves of Utricularia australis are highly divided into fine, thread-like segments, giving the plant a soft, feathery look underwater. Like other bladderworts, the leaves carry tiny bladder traps, which are used to capture microscopic aquatic prey such as water fleas. A key feature distinguishin...

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